Coronavirus 101: What do you want to know?
At home
How can I disinfect my home?
Wear a surgical mask and disposable gloves, and use a bleach solution or an appropriate disinfectant to clean all surfaces. Use disposable cloths or rags to wipe toilet surfaces and frequently touched areas. Refrain from using a spray, as this could create splashes that can further spread the virus. Keep the windows open for ventilation, and avoid touching your face and eyes at all times.
On Jan 29, the National Environment Agency released interim guidelines on how homes exposed to the coronavirus should be disinfected, including mopping with disinfectant twice.
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At work
Should I stay away from work?
Employees with a recent travel history to China are placed on a 14-day leave of absence, whereby they are to remain at home as much as possible, avoid crowded places and minimise contact with others.
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Dispelling myths
Should I be worried about the parcels I ordered online? What if they have travelled through virus-infected areas?
All online packages would usually have travelled long distances, and would have been exposed to sunlight in the process. This would help destroy viruses, if there were any. If you are worried, wash your hands before and after handling the package to prevent the spread of any germs.
Is it true that a pregnant woman can transmit the coronavirus to her baby?
There is no clear conclusion as to whether vertical transmission from mother to child is possible, said experts quoted in a South China Morning Post report.
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Can pets spread the coronavirus?
In Hong Kong, a pet dog belonging to an infected woman had apparently tested “weak positive” and quarantined for further tests. The Hong Kong government has since said that pets of patients infected with the coronavirus disease must be quarantined.
Can eating garlic or ginger help prevent a coronavirus infection?
Garlic may have some antimicrobial properties and is known to be beneficial for wellness. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic or ginger has protected people from the coronavirus, said the World Health Organisation.
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I heard that using a 5G network spreads the virus. Is this true?
This is not true. Wuhan was one of a few places in China where 5G was rolled out recently, along with other parts of the world. This led to some conspiracy theorists to say that the technology damaged people’s DNA and immune systems.
Can I steam my disposable mask so that I can use it again?
Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, programme leader for infectious diseases at the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, said there are viral videos on how you can steam masks but this method is not recommended. The masks are meant to be used once, and steaming is likely to damage them and reduce their protectiveness.
Should I avoid places where there were suspected cases?
No, as these places would have been well-disinfected and cleaned. It is still good practice to wash or sanitise your hands frequently, and after touching public transport grab poles and overhead handles or other common surfaces.
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Explaining the virus
If I have mild respiratory symptoms, does it mean I have the coronavirus? Should I go to a hospital?
No. Patients with respiratory symptoms – such as fever, cough, sore throat and runny nose – can visit the Public Health Preparedness Clinics (PHPCs).
How common is asymptomatic transmission?
Not clear. There were reports of people who did not show obvious symptoms and tested positive for the coronavirus. According to the World Health Organisation, the main driver of transmission, based on currently available data, is symptomatic cases.
What is the novel coronavirus?
This is a new strain of coronavirus that was previously not found in humans. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are mostly found in animals. The virus gets its name from the crown-like spikes on its surface. Corona is Latin for “crown”.
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What is Covid-2019?
This is the official name that the World Health Organisation has given to the disease.
How does the coronavirus spread?
The virus is mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets from the nose or mouth of infected people when they cough or sneeze. This means you have to be physically close to an infected person to be infected. There can also be contact transmission, such as when the droplets containing the virus land on a surface like a lift button. Professor Tan Chorh Chuan, chief health scientist at the Ministry of Health, has said: “Based on what we know, the novel coronavirus is spread via droplet and contact transmission.”
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How is the disease treated?
Those who are admitted to hospital are treated for their symptoms, such as being given medication to bring down their fever, while their immune systems try to fight the virus off. If intensive care is needed, they may be put on a ventilator to help them breathe and maintain their oxygen level.
The coronavirus is said to be zoonotic. What does this mean?
Zoonotic refers to infectious diseases that are spread between animals and people. Scientists think that the coronavirus, like those of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (Sars), evolved from coronavirus strains that previously affected only animals. Only seven of such strains have been identified, including the new one that originated in Wuhan, China. They cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Mers and Sars.
A patient in Singapore has dengue fever and Covid-19. Can mosquitoes infect me with Covid-19?
No. Infectious disease experts say you cannot get Covid-19 this way. Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, programme leader for infectious diseases at the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, said the coronavirus targets respiratory tract cells and thus will not be transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes or through blood transfusions.
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Are there any specific medicines to prevent or treat the coronavirus disease?
To date, there is no specific medicine to prevent or treat it.
How would I know if I am infected?
The incubation period, which is the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms, is estimated at two to 14 days. The common symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches and, in more severe cases, shortness of breath. In most cases, the symptoms in an infected person appear within five to seven days. If you feel unwell, seek medical care early.
How will we ever stem the spread of this new virus?
By fighting this in a calm and collected manner. A lot is being done, such as quarantining those suspected of having the infection. The idea is to separate the sick from the healthy.
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How did the coronavirus jump from animals to humans?
This can happen through contact, or the virus can be food-borne.
Is the coronavirus similar to H1N1?
National Development Minister Lawrence Wong, who co-chairs with Health Minister Gan Kim Yong a multi-ministry task force set up on Jan 22 to deal with the outbreak, said Covid-19 appears to be infectious when the symptoms are mild, like H1N1.
Who is most at risk of a coronavirus infection?
The sick and the elderly are most at risk. Patients with cardiovascular disease are most likely to die of complications from the coronavirus, followed by patients with diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and hypertension.
What can I do to protect myself?
Observe good personal hygiene by frequently washing your hands with soap before handling food or eating, after going to the toilet, and when hands become dirty.
What is Sars-CoV-2?
It stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 – so named in recognition of its similarities to Sars – and is the name of the virus that causes Covid-2019.
How serious can the infection be?
The disease can cause severe pneumonia, and be fatal in some cases. Some patients may need intensive care. However, it is mild in most cases.
A study by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention found that 80.9 per cent of the cases were mild, with 13.8 per cent severe and 4.7 per cent critical.
Fighting the virus
Can I still go swimming?
Yes, as long as you are feeling well. If you are not, you should rest at home.
Can I still go to the gym?
Yes, you can, but you should wash your hands after that. It is useful to practise good gym etiquette by placing hand towels on equipment and mats before use, said Fitness First. Users are also encouraged to wipe down all used equipment with sanitisers and hand towels after use.
Should I cancel my overseas trip?
This depends on where you are travelling to. All travel to Hubei and non-essential trips to mainland China should be deferred.
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Should I keep my child from school?
You should keep your child from school only if he or she is feeling unwell.
What is the difference between a quarantine order, a leave of absence, and a stay-home notice?
A quarantine order has legal force, requiring individuals to be isolated with the aim of limiting possible community spread. The quarantine could either be at home, at government quarantine facilities or at a hospital.
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How is the Government dealing with existing confirmed cases?
Contact tracing is conducted by the Ministry of Health (MOH) once a case has been confirmed.
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What happens if I miss my mask collection date? Can I still collect my mask?
Mask collection at all community centres and residential committees have been extended to Feb 29, given that only 54 per cent of local households have collected their masks.
All households are encouraged to collect their masks before the deadline.
Will I be quarantined after my return from China?
On Jan 31, Singapore implemented a 14-day leave of absence (LOA) for all Singapore residents or long-term pass holders returning from mainland China, outside of Hubei province. The LOA for this group of people has since been replaced with a stricter stay-home notice, which will make it mandatory for them to remain at home at all times for 14 days. Residents and long-term pass holders returning from Hubei will be quarantined from the day they return to Singapore. From Feb 1, all new visitors with recent travel history to mainland China within the last 14 days will not be allowed entry into or transit through Singapore.
How would anyone know if I leave my home during my stay-home notice?
Enforcement officers will carry out random calls and spot checks, among other measures, to ensure that those serving out the stay-home notice comply with requirements.
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Should I avoid large-scale events?
Many concerts scheduled to take place in the first half of the year will continue as scheduled. Organisers will continue to monitor the situation closely, and will be putting precautionary measures in place where necessary.
What happens to a suspected case?
Once suspected cases have been identified, they will be transferred via ambulances to hospitals, where they are isolated.
There have been scam callers claiming that they are doing contact tracing, and asking for my financial information. How do I deal with this?
If you receive a contact-tracing call from the Ministry of Health and wish to verify that it is from the official source, please call the ministry’s general hotline on 6325-9220. The ministry will not ask for any financial details in its calls.
Going out
Is it safe to stay in a hotel?
Yes, hotels have stepped up sanitation measures, including thorough cleaning of common areas.
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Is it safe to fly? Is the air in the plane cabin clean?
The air inside modern airplanes is as clean as in hospital operating rooms, as the air is changed many times through high-efficiency particulate air filters that remove 99.97 per cent of airborne microbes, including viruses and bacteria, according to the International Air Transport Association.
Is it safe to use public transport and to take taxis and private-hire cars?
Private-hire car and taxi companies are providing masks for their drivers and encouraging them to disinfect their vehicles frequently.
Is it safe to go shopping?
While it is good practice to avoid crowded areas where possible, shopping activities can still continue if proper hygiene standards are followed closely. Malls have stepped up measures to regularly disinfect common areas, and have made hand sanitisers available to shoppers. Some malls have also ceased all public events, such as workshops and mass exercise activities.
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Will I risk an infection by going to a buffet meal?
There is currently no evidence that the coronavirus is associated with the consumption of food.
In a cab or private-hire car, should I or the driver wear a mask?
You should, if you’re unwell. Surgical masks have been given to cabbies and private-hire car drivers, but these are for them to offer to passengers who are unwell. Professor Wang Linfa, director of the emerging infectious disease programme at Duke-NUS Medical School, suggested that passengers wind down the window for a while, avoid touching anything, and sanitise their hands after exiting the vehicle.
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Personal hygiene
Masks can protect us. Why do the Government and the World Health Organisation say we should wear masks only when we are sick?
Dr David Carrington, a clinical virologist at St George’s, University of London, told the BBC that surgical masks for the public are not foolproof because they are too loose, have no air filter and leave the eyes exposed.
I would rather wear a mask anyway, so when should I do so?
Wear a mask if you are unwell and need to go out to see a doctor, or if you are taking care of someone suspected of having the coronavirus.
Will I catch the virus if I go near an infected person who does not have any symptoms?
Dr Carmen Dolea, head of the International Health Regulations Secretariat at the World Health Organisation, said there is no such thing as a truly asymptomatic patient.
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Why do I have to wash my hands frequently?
The coronavirus is spread via respiratory droplets, and hands may touch surfaces contaminated with the virus. If you touch your eyes, nose or mouth with your contaminated hands, you can transfer the virus to yourself.
Washing your hands with soap and water will get rid of the virus if it is on your hands.
Besides washing my hands regularly, what else can I do to protect myself?
You can avoid sharing personal items with others. For instance, don’t share utensils and drinking glasses at mealtimes.
Should I wear gloves?
You can do so, but this is not practical. Also, if your gloves are dirty and you touch your face, you can still transfer the virus to yourself.
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Why must I cover my mouth or nose with a tissue when coughing and sneezing?
The virus spreads via respiratory droplets. Covering your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing prevents the spread of germs and viruses. If you sneeze or cough into your hands, you may contaminate people or objects that you touch.
What about touching doorknobs and lift buttons?
Doorknobs and lift buttons are “high-touch” points, which means that many people would have touched them in a short period of time. So it is possible to get infected by touching a dirty doorknob or lift button.
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What is a safe distance to keep from an infected person?
The World Health Organisation advises a distance of at least 1m. If someone infected with the coronavirus coughs within 1m of you, you could breathe in the virus through the droplets in the air.
Protecting the young and old
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What are the chances of children getting the coronavirus?
Associate Professor Thoon Koh Cheng, head and senior consultant of the infectious diseases service at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, said there have been fewer cases of children infected with the coronavirus, compared with the adult population. “Based on what we know so far, if the virus infects a healthy child, he or she should make a good recovery with good medical support,” he said. A recent Chinese study, the largest since the outbreak started, found that there were no deaths among children aged 9 and below.
Children have weaker immunity. Shouldn’t they wear masks?
Masks are generally not needed for people who are well, including children, said Associate Professor Thoon Koh Cheng, head and senior consultant of the infectious diseases service at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital.
What can children, the elderly and others who may have weaker immunity do?
Older people and those with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease, appear to be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill with the virus.
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If there is a suspected or confirmed infection at a pre-school, should I pull my child out of the school?
Dr Piotr Chlebicki, an infectious disease specialist at Mount Alvernia Hospital, said there is no need to do anything, unless the infected person had spent time playing with all the children in the classrooms.
What precautions should I take to protect my children if they are ill?
The advice for unwell children is the same for adults. People who are unwell should seek medical attention promptly, stay at home to rest and avoid crowds, said Associate Professor Thoon Koh Cheng, head and senior consultant of the infectious diseases service at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital.
Science behind the virus
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Is Covid-19 less deadly than Sars?
The coronavirus is far less deadly than Sars-CoV but also far more capable of spreading between humans, said Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, programme leader for infectious diseases at the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
How long can the coronavirus live on surfaces?
Although it is still not known how long this virus survives on surfaces, preliminary information suggests that it may survive a few hours or more, according to the World Health Organisation. It has also said that simple disinfectants can kill the virus.
When will this outbreak end?
It is highly likely that the coronavirus epidemic will last longer than Sars, said Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, programme leader for infectious diseases at the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
Is a global pandemic likely?
A pandemic is global by definition, and implies simultaneous transmission of infection worldwide. A pandemic is now a very possible scenario, said Associate Professor Hsu Li Yang, programme leader for infectious diseases at NUS Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
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When will we have a vaccine for this coronavirus?
The World Health Organisation has said that vaccines for the new coronavirus could be available in 18 months’ time.
What kind of temperatures does it thrive in?
A hot and tropical weather will make the environment less conducive for the virus to survive.
Professor Tan Chorh Chuan, chief health scientist at the Ministry of Health, said previous studies have shown that viruses “don’t persist well in hot, humid environments”. This refers to a temperature of more than 30 deg C, and with humidity levels of over 80 per cent.
Why do some people say that there could be more cases in China than what has been reported?
This is likely because some infected people may show mild symptoms and may not seek medical help.
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Should I worry about this 2 per cent fatality rate?
The figure of 2 per cent is based on people who are more severely affected.
Experts say we are in a phase where we are still learning about this virus. We are dealing more with sicker patients, so therefore we report on the sicker patients. We don’t really know what is the true extent of mild infections.
How do we know that the coronavirus is more infectious than Sars?
Sars did not spread as much as the coronavirus in the community.
How does it spread so quickly?
It is not clear at the moment.
What is the difference between the fight to contain Sars and the battle against this new virus?
Healthcare workers, administrators and public officials have learnt from fighting Sars and thus are better equipped in dealing with the coronavirus outbreak.
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Why is it harder to contain Covid-19 than Sars?
With Sars, the infectious period coincides to a great extent with the time symptoms appear, and those symptoms are more severe than something like flu, so cases can be identified relatively easily and isolated, said Associate Professor Alex Cook, vice-dean (research) of the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
The outbreak: How it happened
How long more is this likely to last?
As much of China has returned to work, it remains to be seen if infection numbers continue dropping and, if so, it is likely that the virus has reached a crest and containment efforts have been successful, said leading virologist Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in the United States.
Why is the death rate in China significantly higher than in the rest of the world?
Without a specific antiviral drug at the moment, recovery depends largely on one’s immune response to the virus as well as medical care, such as keeping the patient hydrated and oxygenated.
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What are the chances of Singapore adjusting the alert level to red?
Health Minister Gan Kim Yong said on Feb 14 that there are currently no plans to raise the Dorscon alert to red.
How worried should I be about Dorscon orange?
There is no need to panic. Singapore is not running into a shortage of essential food or household items, and stores have been able to replenish their stocks.
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China is so big. How did the virus spread to so many places outside Wuhan?
It did not help that the ground zero for the epidemic is Wuhan in central China – which is one of the major hubs for transport and industry.
What is the impact on Singapore’s aviation and tourism sectors now, compared with the Sars period?
The Government has warned that the impact on the aviation and tourism sectors will be worse than with Sars, as China is now a much larger source of tourism for Singapore and the region.
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Singapore is a small and densely populated country. Does this mean the virus can spread a lot quicker than in a less populated place?
“Actually, I think Singapore’s size is to its advantage here,” said Associate Professor Alex Cook, vice-dean (research) of the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
“It’s a more manageable size than China or our neighbours in Asean, so we have a better chance to control or mitigate the outbreak than they do.”
Is the situation the same in the rest of the country?
Travel has now been limited between provinces.
How else has China responded?
After images and accounts emerged of overwhelmed hospitals, the central government ordered two new hospitals to be built in Wuhan.
Has China learnt from its experience with Sars and how was this coronavirus outbreak handled differently?
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has repeatedly praised China for its quick and decisive response, highlighting its willingness to share information.
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How are the shops at Changi Airport faring?
Stores at Changi Airport, which employ 7,000 to 8,000 workers, have been hit hard, and not just from the absence of Chinese travellers who make up one-third of retail sales.
How did it start?
In December 2019, doctors in the central Chinese city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, started reporting cases of a mysterious Sars-like virus that causes pneumonia.
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How fast is it spreading in China?
We measure the speed by which a pathogen can spread by the reproduction number. This indicates the estimated number of people who can get infected by one contagious person.
What are the worst-case scenarios?
In Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong’s speech on Feb 8, he said that if the numbers keep growing, Singapore’s current strategy would have to be reconsidered.
Where did it spread?
In the early weeks, cases surfaced only in Wuhan and the surrounding Hubei province, with patients described as suffering from a form of pneumonia. The infections were only in the dozens.
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What did we do during Sars to end it?
Sars initially had a high reproduction number but we were able to bring it down by isolating enough patients, thus ending the outbreak, said Associate Professor Alex Cook, vice-dean (research) of the National University of Singapore’s Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health.
How did the coronavirus end up in Singapore?
It spread when tourists from Wuhan came to visit Singapore. They had no symptoms when they flew in.
When will the economy return to normalcy?
Some investors are betting that if the virus outbreak is contained within months and border restrictions are relaxed, the Singapore economy may see a V-shaped rebound on pent-up demand as it did with Sars.
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What did China do?
The spike in numbers coincided with the Chinese New Year travel season, the biggest human migration in the world, during which some 400 million people travel home or abroad for holidays.
Do lockdowns work?
Lockdowns on this scale have never been seen before anywhere around the world so it is difficult to say for certain, said leading virologist Ian Lipkin of Columbia University in the United States, who is advising the Chinese government on handling the outbreak. But he noted there is a chance that by mass quarantining, healthy people could have come into contact with infected patients, leading to higher infection rates.
Are there sufficient resources?
Initially, there were reports of a dire shortage of protective equipment such as face masks, gowns and goggles. These are gradually easing up as factories resume production, along with donations from countries around the world.
Vegetable production has also been increased in areas like Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hunan to ensure fresh supplies to locked-down areas.
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What is Dorscon orange?
Under the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (Dorscon), code orange means that the outbreak is deemed to have moderate to high public health impact, though the situation is still under control.
How badly will the coronavirus outbreak hurt the Singapore economy?
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has said the economic impact is already worse than for Sars and Singapore could possibly fall into a recession, which is two straight quarters of quarter-on-quarter contraction.
Why would the economic impact be worse than for Sars?
In 2003, China’s size and weight in the world economy were a lot smaller. It is now the world’s second-largest economy, with a 19 per cent share of global economic output from 8 per cent in 2002 – and a big role in global supply chains.
How closely connected are we to China’s badly hit economy?
Experts say that over the past 17 years, the Singapore economy has become much more integrated with China’s.
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What are some sectors that are hit by the outbreak?
The first wave of impact hit Singapore’s tourism, hospitality, travel and luxury retail sectors after travel bans or restrictions were imposed. In the second wave, local manufacturers and construction firms saw delays in production, shipment and delivery because of shuttered Chinese factories and the disruption of supply chains.
What is the Government doing to help these sectors?
In the Feb 18 Budget this year, the Government announced two special packages totalling $5.6 billion to help firms and workers, as well as households, cope with the coronavirus outbreak.
What is the coronavirus’ toll on airlines?
Airlines are headed for a big financial hit – not just from flights to China being suspended, but also as people put off non-essential travel for the time being.
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Vaccines and medic
Should I get a flu vaccine?
A flu vaccine will not help protect you against the coronavirus. There is currently no vaccine to protect against coronaviruses. However, people have been rushing to get flu jabs to prevent themselves from getting influenza during this outbreak.
Can we use antibiotics to prevent and treat this coronavirus?
Antibiotics do not work against viruses. They are effective only against bacterial infections.
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